by Team GHEP | Nov 27, 2024 | News
Washington, DC, USA – November 2024: History of childhood trauma carries negative health impacts across multiple generations of mothers and their children in the United States. This is according to a new study in the GHEP Journal, International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health (IJTRansmed) based in Washington, DC.
The research demonstrates that a history of adverse childhood experiences puts mothers and their babies at a greater risk of acute and long-term health issues, including infections and cancer. Additionally, a partner’s involvement during pregnancy can offset those risks and positively impact the health of mothers and babies.
The study which was led by Amina P. Alio, PhD, a Professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences and the Center for Community Health and Prevention at the University of Rochester and the University of Pittsburgh in the United States, is among the few studies examining the link between maternal trauma in childhood and paternal engagement on a longitudinal basis.
According to the researchers, childhood trauma, referred to as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the study, are traumatic events occurring before age 18, which can come in the form of different types of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. In the United States, about 61 percent of adults reported experiencing at least one childhood trauma.
“Exposure to ACEs correlates with various health risks, including depression, alcoholism, stroke, diabetes, and asthma,” warn the study’s authors.
The researchers Interviewed 1,879 new mothers living in Monroe County, New York, between 2015 and 2017. The researchers used prenatal data and maternal history collected from the Monroe County Mothers and Babies Health Survey (MBHS). MBHS is a research initiative focused on assessing the health and well-being of expectant mothers and infants in Monroe County, New York. The 200-question survey was offered in English and Spanish.
They found that women are more affected by ACEs in comparison to men. Expectant mothers experiencing ACEs face increased risks of adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight and preterm birth, which can negatively impact the health of infants.
The study also shows that a father’s support during pregnancy can positively impact maternal behavior and child outcomes, such as improved prenatal care and decreased infant mortality.
The research study was titled “Maternal History of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Subsequent Infant Paternal Involvement.”
Read the full article at: https://ijtmrph.org/maternal-history-of-adverse-childhood-experiences-and-subsequent-infant-paternal-involvement/
Reporter: Lisa Giesse (Volunteer)
Editor: Dr. Romuladus Azuine
Media contacts:
If you are a news reporter or journalist and wants to interview the study authors, reach out to the contact below
Rowena Saplala, BS
[email protected]
by Team GHEP | Aug 29, 2024 | News
Washington, DC, USA – August 2024: A new study shows that histories of childhood trauma carry intergenerational impacts affecting the health of mothers and their children in the United States.
The research demonstrates that a history of adverse childhood experiences puts mothers and their babies at a greater risk of acute and long-term health issues, including infections and cancer. The study also shows that a partner’s involvement during pregnancy can offset those risks and positively impact the health of mothers and babies.
Interviews and survey responses from 1,879 new mothers living in Monroe County, New York, between 2015 and 2017 informed the research study titled “Maternal History of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Subsequent Infant Paternal Involvement.”
The study was published by researchers from the University of Rochester and the University of Pittsburgh in the United States led by Amina P. Alio, PhD, and published in the open-access scholarly journal International Journal of Transnational Research and Public Health (https://ijtmrph.org/). Their newly published report is among the few studies examining the link between maternal trauma in childhood and paternal engagement.
According to the researchers, childhood trauma, referred to as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the study, are traumatic events occurring before age 18, which can come in the form of different types of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. In the United States, about 61 percent of adults reported experiencing at least one childhood trauma.
“Exposure to ACEs correlates with various health risks, including depression, alcoholism, stroke, diabetes, and asthma,” warn the study’s authors.
The results of the research show that women are more affected by ACEs in comparison to men. Expectant mothers experiencing ACEs face increased risks of adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight and preterm birth, which can negatively impact the health of infants.
However, the study also shows that a father’s support during pregnancy can positively impact maternal behavior and child outcomes, such as improved prenatal care and decreased infant mortality.
The researchers used prenatal data and maternal history collected from the Monroe County Mothers and Babies Health Survey (MBHS). MBHS is a research initiative focused on assessing the health and well-being of expectant mothers and infants in Monroe County, New York. The 200-question survey was offered in English and Spanish.
Researchers mainly drew their data from interviews and reports by mothers across different income levels. Mothers’ reports included demographic information and health behavior during pregnancy, along with their baby’s father’s information. The researchers also drew from interviews and reports from partners/spouses and other reports to collect their data.
The father’s involvement was measured through co-parenting and their relationship with the mother, financial and emotional investment, quality of time spent, and expressed willingness to rear children.
Looking at a partner’s legal acknowledgment of paternity was one way that researchers tracked paternal involvement in the study. According to the study, acknowledging paternity at birth “lowered infant mortality, preterm birth, and low birth weight risk, particularly for unmarried women with higher ACEs.”
For example, study data showed that when partners acknowledged paternity, exclusive breastfeeding duration increased. Breastfeeding plays an important role in the health of infants and new moms. Increased breastfeeding duration for infants can decrease the risk of infections and adulthood obesity. Increased breastfeeding duration can also decrease maternal risk of breast and ovarian cancer, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure.
The study found that mothers with ACEs related to household dysfunction during childhood were at a greater risk of rearing their child without the help of a partner who accepts paternal responsibility.
According to the study, a mother’s ACEs can biologically alter her stress responses, possibly due to long-term changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. The study’s authors point out that this can lead to a heightened sensitivity to stress and negative cues (for example, negative facial expressions like frowns and negative body language like arms folded over the chest).
“Together, these biological and psychosocial effects of ACEs intricately weave into the fabric of maternal behavior,” the study’s authors say.
From a biopsychological view, a mother’s ACEs experiences could influence how her HPA axis functions. When HPA is altered, this can lead to increased stress sensitivity and maladaptive responses to stress. These physiological changes can in turn affect maternal behaviors and relationship dynamics. These effects can manifest as decreased partner involvement in caregiving and supportive roles.
The study emphasizes that ACEs can have transgenerational effects and directly impact the mother’s immediate offspring. “This creates a cycle involving ACEs,” involving lack of paternal support, possible household dysfunction, and a repetition of ACE’s “perpetuating across generations” if there is no intervention,” they warn.
The study’s authors say that targeted support mechanisms could help increase paternal engagement to help offset the long-term affects of maternal ACEs.
“Actionable interventions could include initiating ACE screenings during pregnancy, delivering specialized psychological support to at-risk mothers, enhancing relationship counseling during the perinatal period, and forming networks for linkage to community resources,” the study’s authors urge.
by Team GHEP | Feb 26, 2024 | News
Collaboration aims to strengthen support of African authors working in health research.
Health issues are one of Africa’s most pressing concerns. Fortunately, hard work is being performed to help meet these often critical needs. The Global Health and Education Projects (GHEP), a United States-registered 501(c)(3) non-profit organization committed to tackling global health inequalities, is pleased to announce the signing of a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Kano Independent Research Centre Trust (KIRCT), Nigeria. This partnership underscores GHEP’s commitment to supporting African authors in publishing health-related work and amplifying the global impact of its initiatives while working with like-minded global partners.
Romuladus Azuine, Dr.PH., M.P.H., Executive Director of GHEP, emphasized the significance of this collaboration, stating, “Our partnership with Kano Independent Research Centre Trust marks a crucial step in our mission to bridge health disparities and promote global health equity through global health research.”
Established in 2013 by Pfizer Inc. for the Kano State Government in Nigeria, KIRCT specializes in biomedical and healthcare research, focusing on both communicable and non-communicable diseases in Nigeria and across the African continent.
Hamisu Salihu, M.D., Ph.D., the Director General of KIRCT, highlighted the comprehensive services offered by the center, including clinical services for diseases such as HIV/AIDS, TB, Measles, Hepatitis, Malaria, Asthma, Maternal and Child health, and more. KIRCT also provides a range of laboratory services, medical research, and training related to diagnostics, clinical trials for drugs/vaccines, and human capacity strengthening.
Dr. Salihu expressed enthusiasm about the collaboration, stating, “This partnership with GHEP aligns with our mission of advancing healthcare research and addressing public health challenges in Africa. Together, we aim to make a meaningful impact on the health and well-being of communities.”
The collaboration between GHEP and KIRCT encompasses several vital objectives. KIRCT will serve as the Africa office for GHEP’s two prominent journals: The International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) and the International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health (IJTMRPH).
The two organizations will co-sponsor publication scholarships to support African authors contributing to GHEP publications as part of this collaboration. Additionally, they will mentor researchers and institutions in Nigeria and other African countries, assisting in preparing high-quality articles suitable for publication in the journals. This includes support with study design, review, and technical writing for Nigerian researchers.
Gopal Singh, Ph.D., MSc., GHEP Journals Editor, remarked on the organization’s commitment to open-access publishing, stating, “The MOU with KIRCT is a significant milestone in GHEP’s mission to advance health equity. By providing avenues for researchers from developing countries to publish in reputable open-access journals, we are contributing to the global dissemination of valuable research.”
This collaboration reflects GHEP’s dedication to breaking intergenerational cycles of health and education disparities and socioeconomic adversities by facilitating access to opportunities and resources. For more information about GHEP and its impactful initiatives, please visit www.globalhealthprojects.org or email to: [email protected]
Media Contact:
Romuladus E. Azuine, DrPH, MPH
Executive Director
[email protected]
240-476-2881
www.globalhealthprojects.org
by Team GHEP | Feb 25, 2024 | News
Non-profit organization enhances author experience and expands publishing capabilities with new partnership.
Health inequality is an issue that touches nearly the entire world. Working toward more just outcomes in a just struggle that should interest all. In that spirit, Global Health and Education Projects (GHEP), a registered 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, is pleased to announce its recent collaboration with Scientific Scholar LLC, a renowned medical publisher supporting open-access publishing models. This strategic partnership aims to streamline the article submission process for authors contributing to GHEP’s online journals by leveraging the advanced functionalities of the Scientific Scholar publishing platform. The move is anticipated to be met by authors with enthusiasm.
GHEP’s mission is rooted in eliminating health disparities by addressing the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH), non-medical factors influencing health outcomes. By focusing on the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, GHEP has been actively working towards building thriving and equitable communities.
Recently crossing its 12-year milestone of dedicated service, the non-profit organization continues to grow in reach and influence.
The organization currently publishes two online journals: The International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) and the International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health (IJTMRPH).
IJMA is an open-access peer-reviewed journal committed to publishing high-quality articles in the fields of maternal and child health and the burden and impact of HIV/AIDS on the maternal and child health populations.
IJTMRPH is an open-access peer-reviewed journal committed to publishing high-quality articles in the field of applied and translational public health and medical research.
GHEP’s commitment to open-access publishing aligns seamlessly with Scientific Scholar LLC’s values, facilitating a more accessible and widespread dissemination of valuable research. The new collaboration delivers immediate benefits to the researchers contributing to IJMA, IJTMRPH, and any future journals that work with GHEP. Highlights include a more seamless publishing experience for researchers, simplified submission process, fast and rigorous reviews, and expedited publication for high-quality papers.
Founded by a group of passionate individuals from diverse backgrounds, each with personal experiences related to health and education disparities, GHEP has become a beacon of hope. The organization’s projects aim to break intergenerational cycles of health and education disparities and socioeconomic adversities by providing pipelines of access to opportunities and resources. GHEP’s journal publishing advances its overall mission by opening opportunities for researchers from developing countries to publish in credible open-access journals.
Dr. Romuladus Azuine, Executive Director of GHEP, expressed the organization’s commitment to collective efforts in dismantling and eliminating health disparities through its journal publishing adding that the partnership with Scientific Scholar, LLC, will further advance its goals for addressing health disparities through publishing equity. “Eliminating health disparities is a collective effort that cannot be achieved single-handedly by an individual or organization. We are excited to partner with Scientific Scholar, and extend a warm invitation to other organizations for their partnership to work together and address this critical issue,” stated Dr. Azuine.
For more information about GHEP and its initiatives, please visit www.globalhealthprojects.org.
For more information about IJMA visit: https://mchandaids.org or email: [email protected]
For more information about IJTMRPH visit: https://ijtmrph.org or email: [email protected]
Media Contact:
Romuladus Azuine, DrPH, MPH
Executive Director
[email protected]
240-476-2881
by Juliana Schifferes | Mar 19, 2023 | News
We are excited to announce that the Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. (GHEP) has been admitted as a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association (OASPA) based in The Hague, Netherlands, effective March 2023.
With this admission, GHEP Journals: the International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) and International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health (IJTMRPH) join a cadre of journals published by organizations including scholar-led and professional publishers of books and journals, across varied geographies and disciplines, as well as infrastructure and other services.
OASPA is the international community for open-access publishing. It represents a diverse community of organizations engaged in open scholarship; OASPA works to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs.
In her communication announcing GHEP’s membership approval, Lulu Stader, PhD, OASPA’s Membership Manager, said: “I am pleased to confirm that the Membership Committee has now approved the application as Scholar Publisher. Your membership is active immediately and your organization is now listed on our website as a member.”
OASPA is hallmarked as a trusted convenor of the broad, global spectrum of open-access stakeholders and a proven venue for productive collaboration.
OASPA membership means that GHEP Journals commit to adhere to meeting rigorous membership criteria, adhere to the organization’s code of conduct and bylaws, and comply with globally-accepted best practices for open-access journal publishing.
“GHEP is delighted to have been admitted to the prestigious organization,” said Dr. Romuladus Azuine, GHEP’s Executive Director. Right from our first day of publishing these two journals, GHEP has been committed to ensuring that its journals continue to grow in their impact and reach and in compliance with global open-access publishing standards, said Dr. Azuine, adding that “our authors should publish with our journals with the assurance that we will comply with international best practices.”
by Team GHEP | Jan 23, 2023 | Blog, Blog & News, News
Chatbots, ChatGPT, and Scholarly Manuscripts
WAME Recommendations on ChatGPT and Chatbots in Relation to Scholarly Publications
January 20, 2023
Chris Zielinski1; Margaret Winker2; Rakesh Aggarwal3; Lorraine Ferris4; Markus Heinemann5; Jose Florencio Lapeña, Jr.6; Sanjay Pai7; Edsel Ing8; Leslie Citrome9; on behalf of the WAME Board
1Vice President, WAME; Centre for Global Health, University of Winchester, UK; 2Trustee, WAME; 3President, WAME; Associate Editor, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Director, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; 4Trustee, WAME; Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; 5Treasurer, WAME; Editor-in-Chief, The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon; 6Secretary, WAME; Editor, Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; 7Director, WAME; Working Committee, The National Medical Journal of India; 8Director, WAME; Section Editor, Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology; Professor, University of Toronto; 9Director, WAME; Editor-in-Chief, Current Medical Research, and Opinion; Clinical Professor of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College
Journals have begun to publish papers in which chatbots such as ChatGPT are shown as co-authors. The following WAME recommendations are intended to inform editors and help them develop policies regarding chatbots for their journals, to help authors understand how the use of chatbots might be attributed to their work, and address the need for all journal editors to have access to manuscript screening tools. In this rapidly evolving field, we expect these recommendations to evolve as well.
A chatbot is a tool “[d]riven by [artificial intelligence], automated rules, natural language processing (NLP), and machine learning (ML)…[to] process data to deliver responses to requests of all kinds.”1 Artificial intelligence (AI) “broadly refers to the idea of computers that can learn and make decisions in a human-like way.”2 Chatbots have been used in recent years by many companies, including those in healthcare, for providing customer service, routing requests, or gathering information.
ChatGPT is a recently-released chatbot that “is an example of generative AI because it can create something completely new that has never existed before,”3 in the sense that it can use existing information organized in new ways. ChatGPT has many potential uses, including “summarising long articles, for example, or producing a first draft of a presentation that can then be tweaked.”4 It may help researchers, students, and educators generate ideas,5 and even write essays of reasonable quality on a particular topic.6 Universities are having to revamp how they teach as a result.7
ChatGPT has many limitations, as recognized by its own creators: “ChatGPT sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers…Ideally, the model would ask clarifying questions when the user provided an ambiguous query. Instead, our current models usually guess what the user intended… While we’ve made efforts to make the model refuse inappropriate requests, it will sometimes respond to harmful instructions or exhibit biased behavior.”8 And, “[u]nlike Google, ChatGPT doesn’t crawl the web for information on current events, and its knowledge is restricted to things it learned before 2021, making some of its answers feel stale.”9 OpenAI is currently working on an improved version that is “better at generating text than previous versions” and several other companies are creating their own “generative AI tools.”7
Chatbots are “trained” using libraries of existing texts. Consequently, in response to specific input from the human operator (a “question” or “seed text”), chatbots respond with an “answer” or other output. Ultimately, this output comprises a selection of the training materials adapted according to the algorithms. Since chatbots are not conscious,10 they can only repeat and rearrange existing material. No new thought goes into their statements: they can only be original by accident. Since chatbots draw on the library of existing texts on which they were trained, there is a risk that they might repeat them verbatim in some circumstances, without revealing their source. According to a recent preprint that used ChatGPT to generate text, “The percentage of correct references in the preliminary text, obtained directly from ChatGPT, was just 6%.”11 Thus, if chatbot output is to be published in an academic journal, to avoid plagiarism, the human author and editor must ensure that the text includes full correct references, to exactly the same degree as is required of human authors.
More alarmingly, ChatGPT may actually be capable of lying intentionally – “the intentionality is important, as the liar knows the statement they are making is false but does it anyway to fulfill some purpose…” as demonstrated by Davis.12 Of course, ChatGPT is not sentient and does not “know” it is lying, but its programming enables it to fabricate “facts.”
Chatbots are not legal entities and do not have a legal personality. One cannot sue, arraign in court, or punish a chatbot in any way. The terms of use and accepted responsibilities for the results of using the software are set out in the license documentation issued by the company making the software available. Such documentation is similar to that produced for other writing tools, such as Word, PowerPoint, etc. Just as Microsoft accepts no responsibility for whatever one writes with Word, ChatGPT’s creator OpenAI accepts no responsibility for any text produced using their product: their terms of use include indemnity, disclaimers, and limitations of liability.13 Only ChatGPT’s users would be potentially liable for any errors it makes. Thus, listing ChatGPT as an author, which is already happening14,15 and even being encouraged,16 may be misdirected and not legally defensible.
While ChatGPT may prove to be a useful tool for researchers, it represents a threat to scholarly journals because ChatGPT-generated articles may introduce false or plagiarized content into the published literature. Peer review may not detect ChatGPT-generated content: researchers can have a difficult time distinguishing ChatGPT-generated abstracts from those written by authors.17 Those most knowledgeable about the tool are wary: a large AI conference banned the use of ChatGPT and other AI language tools for conference papers.17
Looked at in another way, chatbots help produce fraudulent papers; such an act goes against the very philosophy of science. It may be argued that the use of chatbots resembles papermills albeit with a small difference — though the latter clearly has the intention to deceive, this may not always be true for the use of chatbots. However, the mere fact that AI is capable of helping generate erroneous ideas makes it unscientific and unreliable, and hence should have editors worried.
On a related note, the year 2022 also saw the release of DALE-E 2,18 another ML-based system that can create realistic images and art from a description submitted to it as natural language text, by OpenAI, the same company that has made ChatGPT. More recently, Google has also released a similar product named Imagen.19 These tools too have raised concerns somewhat similar to those with ChatGPT. Interestingly, each image generated using DALE-E 2 includes a signature in the lower right corner, to indicate the image’s provenance20; however, it can be easily removed using one of several simple methods that are a web search away.
With the advent of ChatGPT and DALE-E 2, and with more tools on the anvil, editors need to establish journal policies on the use of such technology and require the tools to be able to detect content it generates. Scholarly publishing guidelines for authors should be developed with input from diverse groups including researchers whose first language is not English. This may take some time. In the meantime, we offer the following recommendations for editors and authors.
WAME Recommendations:
- Chatbots cannot be authors. Chatbots cannot meet the requirements for authorship as they cannot understand the role of authors or take responsibility for the paper. Chatbots cannot meet ICMJE authorship criteria, particularly “Final approval of the version to be published” and “Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.”21A chatbot cannot understand a conflict of interest statement or have the legal standing to sign a statement. Chatbots have no affiliation independent of their creators. They cannot hold copyright. Authors submitting a manuscript must ensure that all those named as authors meet the authorship criteria, which clearly means that chatbots should not be included as authors.
- Authors should be transparent when chatbots are used and provide information about how they were used. Since the field is evolving quickly at present, authors using a chatbot to help them write a paper should declare this fact and provide full technical specifications of the chatbot used (name, version, model, source) and method of application in the paper they are submitting (query structure, syntax). This is consistent with the ICMJE recommendation of acknowledging writing assistance.22
- Authors are responsible for the work performed by a chatbot in their paper (including the accuracy of what is presented, and the absence of plagiarism) and for appropriate attribution of all sources (including for material produced by the chatbot). Human authors of articles written with the help of a chatbot are responsible for the contributions made by chatbots, including their accuracy. They must be able to assert that there is no plagiarism in their paper, including in-text produced by the chatbot. Human authors must ensure there is appropriate attribution of all quoted material, including full citations. They should declare the specific query function used with the chatbot. Authors will need to seek and cite the sources that support the chatbot’s statements. Since a chatbot may be designed to omit sources that oppose viewpoints expressed in its output, it is the authors’ duty to find, review and include such counterviews in their articles.
- Editors need appropriate tools to help them detect content generated or altered by AI and these tools must be available regardless of their ability to pay. Many medical journal editors use manuscript evaluation approaches from the 20thcentury but now find themselves face-to-face with AI innovations and industries from the 21stcentury, including manipulated plagiarized text and images and paper mill-generated documents. They have already been at a disadvantage when trying to sort the legitimate from the fabricated, and chatbots such as ChatGPT take this challenge to a new level. Editors need access to tools that will help them evaluate content efficiently and accurately. Publishers working through STM are already developing such tools.23 Such tools should be made available to editors regardless of ability to pay for them, for the good of science and the public. Facilitating their use through incorporation into open-source publishing software such as Public Knowledge Project’s Open Journal Systems,24 and education about the use and interpretation of screening outputs, would make automated screening of manuscript submissions a much-needed reality for many editors.
References
- What is a chatbot? Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.oracle.com/chatbots/what-is-a-chatbot/
- Newman J. ChatGPT? Stable diffusion? Generative AI jargon, explained. Fast Company. December 26, 2022.Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.fastcompany.com/90826308/chatgpt-stable-diffusion-generative-ai-jargon-explained
- Marr B. How Will ChatGPT affect your job if you work in advertising and marketing? Forbes. January 17, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/01/17/how-will-chatgpt-affect-your-job-if-you-work-in-advertising-and-marketing/?sh=241ef86c39a3
- Naughton J. The ChatGPT bot is causing panic now – but it’ll soon be as mundane a tool as Excel. The Guardian. January 7, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/07/chatgpt-bot-excel-ai-chatbot-tech
- Roose K. Don’t Ban ChatGPT in Schools. Teach With It. NYTimes. January 12, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/technology/chatgpt-schools-teachers.html
- Hern A. AI bot ChatGPT stuns academics with essay-writing skills and usability. The Guardian. December 4, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/04/ai-bot-chatgpt-stuns-academics-with-essay-writing-skills-and-usability
- Huang K. Alarmed by A.I. Chatbots, Universities Start Revamping How They Teach. NYTimes. January 16, 2023.Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/16/technology/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-universities.html
- ChatGPT. Open AI. Accessed January 18, 2022.https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/
- Roose K. The Brilliance and Weirdness of ChatGPT. NYTImes. December 5, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html
- Vallance C. Google engineer says Lamda AI system may have its own feelings. BBC News. June 13, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-61784011
- Blanco-Gonzalez A, Cabezon A, Seco-Gonzalez A, et al. The role of AI in drug discovery: challenges, opportunities, and strategies. arXiv 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023.[preprint]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2212.08104. https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08104
- Davis P. Did ChatGPT Just Lie To Me? The Scholarly Kitchen. January 13, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/01/13/did-chatgpt-just-lie-to-me/
- Terms of use. OpenAI. December 13, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://openai.com/terms/
- O’Connor S, ChatGPT. Open artificial intelligence platforms in nursing education: tools for academic progress or abuse? Nurse Educ Pract. 2023;66:103537. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103537
- ChatGPT Generative Pre-trained Transformer; Zhavoronkov A. Rapamycin in the context of Pascal’s Wager: generative pre-trained transformer perspective. Oncoscience. 2022;9:82-84. doi: 10.18632/oncoscience.571
- Call for case reports contest written with the assistance of chatGPT. Cureus. January 17, 2023. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://www.cureus.com/newsroom/news/164
- Else H. Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientists. Nature 613, 423 (2023). Accessed January 18, 2023.https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00056-7
- DALL-E 2. OpenAI. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://openai.com/dall-e-2/
- Imagen. Google. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://imagen.research.google/
- Mishkin P, Ahmad L, Brundage M, Krueger G, Sastry G. DALL·E 2 preview – risks and limitations. Github. 2022. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://github.com/openai/dalle-2-preview/blob/main/system-card.md
- Who is an author? Defining the role of authors and contributors. ICMJE. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html
- Non-author contributors, defining the role of authors and contributors. ICMJE. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html
- STM integrity hub. STM. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.stm-assoc.org/stm-integrity-hub/.
- Open Journal Systems. Public Knowledge Project. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://pkp.sfu.ca/software/ojs/
Source: Zielinski C, Winker M, Aggarwal R, Ferris L, Heinemann M, Lapeña JF, Pai S, Ing E, Citrome L for the WAME Board. Chatbots, ChatGPT, and Scholarly Manuscripts: WAME Recommendations on ChatGPT and Chatbots in Relation to Scholarly Publications. WAME. January 20, 2023. https://wame.org/page3.php?id=106
