by Juliana Schifferes | Mar 31, 2023 | Celebration, Blog
On March 31st, we celebrate Cesar Chavez Day. Cesar Chavez is a hero to many Americans in the labor movement. But who is he outside these circles? And why does it matter?
Cesar Chavez is one of the only Hispanic/Latino people nominated for a holiday or observance. While it is less than desirable that he is the only Hispanic person so honored, perhaps it also reflects the magnitude of his achievements.
According to the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), the largest federation of unions in the United States, Chavez was born and died in the place he lived to serve, the Western United States–specifically, he was born in Arizona. Then he served as a labor leader to unionize thousands of farm workers to fight against employer oppression across the country and passed away while visiting Arizona to negotiate a labor deal. Unionization is when workers or professionals join forces in order to form a larger organization (called a union) which is thereby used as a collective vehicle to negotiate, confront and bargain with employers when necessary.
As a powerful union leader, he led the unionization of an immense number of farm laborers. He was the chief organizer of the United Farm Workers, which challenged powerful grape-producing companies that exploited the working poor, especially manual laborers.
Why does this matter to employers? It teaches them to respect their employees, especially those least likely to have a place at the table. That is because they will demand a place at the table if they are denied one, and perhaps will take it for themselves.
This is not a negative. Instead it is an inevitability that the vulnerable will seek out equality, including forms of equality related to the conditions that they live or work in.
At GHEP, we believe that everyone is worthy of equal treatment. Human rights are fundamental and cannot be challenged. Therefore, as part of the social determinants of health (SDOH), we support the best living and working conditions for all people, socially and economically.
We also support the rights of workers across the world in numerous ways. For example, in our Public Health 360 class and for our employees, we welcome feedback and encourage work-life balance. This demonstrates how much we value the lessons from workers across the world and here at home. That there is dignity in work and the economic self-sufficiency that comes with work is at the heart of GHEP’s efforts on social determinants of health.
Why does GHEP care about Chavez, specific to our organization? He is a BIPOC hero to us, someone bent on supporting the least advantaged and raising them up to the level of power they deserve. And why should you care about Chavez?
Chavez is an example of a BIPOC individual in the limelight who has made a palpably and intensely felt difference in the world. He made sure heinous treatment against workers did not go unnoticed and was corrected.
Celebrate Cesar Chavez Day this March through several possible ways. Explore relevant legislation, such as focusing on the minimum wage or protections for workers in dangerous industries, and see how you can provide support. Check out your local unions and see if your work is relevant. Finally, consider donating to GHEP so we can continue to provide programs that support the community and keep the fires burning after Cesar Chavez. Change is possible!
by Juliana Schifferes | Feb 21, 2023 | Blog, Celebration
Black History Month is every February. It is a time to celebrate the successes and triumphs of the African American community. This year’s celebration recognizes the great battle against repression and disenfranchisement that surrounds Black Americans from the distant past and up until the present day.
According to the History Channel, Black History Month, also known as African American History Month, grew out of “Negro History Week,” and was the brainchild of noted historian Carter G. Woodson and other prominent African Americans. The History Channel chronicles that since 1976, every U.S. president has officially designated the month of February as Black History Month. Other countries around the world, including Canada and the United Kingdom, also devote a month to celebrating Black history.
Accordingly, the 2023 Black History Month’s theme is “black resistance.”
Amanda Gorman, youth African American poet laureate in 2021, delivered a resounding and relevant address to the nation at the latest presidential inauguration of President Biden. One of her most crucial statements in her inauguration poem: “There is always light. If only we’re brave enough to see it. If only we’re brave enough to be it.” Spreading knowledge and inaugurating positive new beginnings–becoming light and not forces for darkness–is the point of resistance. Resistance is not about aggression, though confrontation may sometimes be necessary. It is about supporting each other to create a distinctive force for change and to fight against the past.
Enough words! Let’s have some music (as musically attuned as Gorman’s words are). Janelle Monae, the unbelievably prolific African American soundtrack creator, fashion powerhouse, rapper and singer demonstrates she’s an intersectional double threat. Namely, she focuses on LGBTQ+ pride and the strength of her black identity. She is shaping a positive sense of identity for all. And in 2015, she released a song to say the names of black people who lost their lives to police, humanizing them as individuals rather than letting them be statistics (“Hell You Talmbout”).
But black culture is not just pop culture. Dr. Dorceta Taylor, an African American, put the concept of environmental racism on the map. Author of two (academic) blockbusters–The Rise of the American Conservation Movement and Toxic Communities–Dr. Taylor is a giant of the environmental field who has reshaped the environmentalist and environmental studies landscape. Why should this matter to you? Because environmental justice frames the conversation of nature access and environmental health as an equity and civil rights, rather than as a “color-blind,” issue.
Finally, politicians have made the fight against oppression practical ever since it became possible for black people to get elected (mostly after the heroic actions of the civil rights era). The fruit of centuries of efforts even yielded the ascendancy of an Indian American and African American Vice President, Kamala Harris. Senator Cory Booker, an African American, perhaps said it best: “Hope is the active conviction that despair will never have the last word.” And for Senator Booker and others like him, hope is a crucial part of resistance–an antidote against painful circumstances.
But other unsung heroes exist. Today, we would like to highlight GHEP’s Family Tree Adoption Program participants and diaper program recipients for their small resistance. Rather than sinking to circumstances, our diverse client population opts for hope in changing their lives. They implement environmental justice into their lives by planting trees and shrubs, while diaper recipients improve their well-being and their children’s by collecting diapers from our diaper bank.
We hope this post has brought you hope and energy to do good work that will benefit the community. Enjoy your celebrations. What are you doing for Black History Month? Drop us a note and let us know.
by Romuladus Azuine | Feb 17, 2023 | Blog
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed many inadequacies in the global public health system and security. First, it drove home the message that the health of the world is interdependent. No more African health; no more this is American health; no more we need to protect the health of our own people. It is now evident that it is “our health”—our globalized health is real. Second, it showed that although we are getting slightly better, the world is still ill-equipped to address global health crises. Third, it exposed the acute shortage of public health professionals who are so critically needed at every level of government to protect public health.
Having bodies called public health professionals is no good if they are unprepared to address the next impending global health security challenge lurking around. The world, and that is different parts of the world, needs well-educated and well-prepared public health professionals who will be at the vanguard of upholding and protecting public health. The US-based Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH), prescribes a number of competencies for public health practitioners ranging from epidemiology, social and behavioral sciences, program evaluation, biostatistics, etc. CEPH is an independent agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education to accredit schools of public health, and public health programs outside schools of public health.
That’s why I am excited about the next cohort of #publichealth360. This cohort will bring together emerging professionals and committed individuals from across the WHO’s region who will immerse themselves in deep learning in the art, science, and craft of public health. Using the CEPH competency framework, we are able to empower would-be public health professionals with the skills they need to work in the community, at the county level, country-level or global level protecting all of our health. I’m glad that Public Health 360 is back again. Our pre and post-test evaluations tell us who is ready and who is prepared to earn the title, public health professional. The wait is over.
by Romuladus Azuine | Feb 12, 2023 | Blog
Many of my mentees and followers have asked: “Dr. Romey, I have all this education with all these degrees, why am I not landing jobs as fast as I would like to?” This is a question that I know is in the minds of many young graduates or others desirous of landing their first jobs upon graduation.
In my response, I always use the above tag line. And I believe every letter in that statement. This tag line succinctly summarizes what school (call it college or university and the attendant degrees) does and what it does not. Understanding what school does and does not do is the foundation for saving yourself the melancholy of school-bashing and unrealistic expectations.
The reason why people graduate from school and do not land a job immediately can be attributed to school versus employment (SvE) gap. This refers to the gap between one’s academic qualifications and competencies / skills for entry-level job readiness. SvE gap is the secret sauce between what an individual gets from attending school and what they need to actually be successful in employment.
In a fiercely competitive labor market, it is because of this that folks make such misguided statements like: “education is overestimated, universities are scam, or education is fraud.” Don’t believe them. Rather than go derogatory about school or college, step back and ask yourself, what does school give me and how am I using what school gave me to land me a job? Where is my SvE gap and how can I fill it?
Managers, supervisors, and employers of labor will tell you about SvE gap. Schools generally arm you with the foundation to ingest skills—this includes the foundation to learn new skills fast, the foundation for broader mindset to work in a team, the preparedness to go the extra mile to fill a gap in your knowledge without prompting, etc. However, employers are looking for skills to be applied in a job position, right now. This inherent gap must be filled in order for the new graduate to land their first job and rise from there. It is the difference between attitude and altitude.
Every potential college graduate needs to fill their SvE gap while they are in school or work hard immediately upon graduation to fill them in roles for which employment expectations are not raised. These may include internships, practicums, volunteer-experiences, paid or unpaid fellowship.
It is OK if those are free, for example through volunteer opportunities. It is also OK if those are paid short-term programs where for the tuition you get an intensive hands-on competency that will propel you to the next job by filling the gap between school and employment. Fortunately, many remote platforms make it easy for graduates to gain meaningful experiences covering their SvE gap and get them better ready to land their first roles in public health or other fields.
by Romuladus Azuine | Feb 12, 2023 | Blog
One of the questions that I often get asked by my mentees, students, and fellows is “What should I have on my resume to make it stand out?” Folks are always curious about what employers look for in a resume that makes them give you that initial screening call or email.
In my years of screening, hiring, and serving in recruitment panels, I have distilled the answer to this question to one thing—let your resume tell your story. The most important way to distinguish your resume from the pack is the story that you tell. From the jobs that you’ve done, through the school(s) you attended, and down to the short courses that you’ve completed, your resume should tell the story of your interest, your passion, and demonstrate where your heart is in public health.
Individuals seeking to work in the field of public health have an undue advantage over other fields. Why do I say this? It is because unlike other fields, public health students do not need to go far to gain valuable hands-on experience in public health. Public health is everywhere. If public health is everywhere, then what might be your excuse not to gain valuable experience to distinguish your resume from the pack?
I bet you that there is an average of 10 non-profit organizations within each 30 miles or single zip code in the United States. In fact, it is estimated that there are about 10 million non-profits worldwide and over 1.5 million non-profits in the United States alone. It could be a local diaper program, a tree planting event, a health fair, a health career fair, a homeless shelter, or an afterschool program that supports youths in your community. It could be your local faith-based organization—church, synagogue, mosque, temple, etc. Seek them out and get your hands wet and dirty. There is an abundance of places to gain the skills.
In conclusion, there are 8 questions that you can pose to tease out actual skills for your experience. Finding answers to these questions, writing them down and rehearsing them will get you ready for that next initial screening call from a prospective employer.
- What did I do?
- Where did I do it?
- How did you do it?
- What skills did you use or learn from this activity?
- What was the impact?
- What lessons did you learn?
- What worked, what did not work?
How is this relevant to the position you are seeking?
by Team GHEP | Jan 23, 2023 | Blog, Blog & News, News
Chatbots, ChatGPT, and Scholarly Manuscripts
WAME Recommendations on ChatGPT and Chatbots in Relation to Scholarly Publications
January 20, 2023
Chris Zielinski1; Margaret Winker2; Rakesh Aggarwal3; Lorraine Ferris4; Markus Heinemann5; Jose Florencio Lapeña, Jr.6; Sanjay Pai7; Edsel Ing8; Leslie Citrome9; on behalf of the WAME Board
1Vice President, WAME; Centre for Global Health, University of Winchester, UK; 2Trustee, WAME; 3President, WAME; Associate Editor, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Director, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; 4Trustee, WAME; Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; 5Treasurer, WAME; Editor-in-Chief, The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon; 6Secretary, WAME; Editor, Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; 7Director, WAME; Working Committee, The National Medical Journal of India; 8Director, WAME; Section Editor, Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology; Professor, University of Toronto; 9Director, WAME; Editor-in-Chief, Current Medical Research, and Opinion; Clinical Professor of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College
Journals have begun to publish papers in which chatbots such as ChatGPT are shown as co-authors. The following WAME recommendations are intended to inform editors and help them develop policies regarding chatbots for their journals, to help authors understand how the use of chatbots might be attributed to their work, and address the need for all journal editors to have access to manuscript screening tools. In this rapidly evolving field, we expect these recommendations to evolve as well.
A chatbot is a tool “[d]riven by [artificial intelligence], automated rules, natural language processing (NLP), and machine learning (ML)…[to] process data to deliver responses to requests of all kinds.”1 Artificial intelligence (AI) “broadly refers to the idea of computers that can learn and make decisions in a human-like way.”2 Chatbots have been used in recent years by many companies, including those in healthcare, for providing customer service, routing requests, or gathering information.
ChatGPT is a recently-released chatbot that “is an example of generative AI because it can create something completely new that has never existed before,”3 in the sense that it can use existing information organized in new ways. ChatGPT has many potential uses, including “summarising long articles, for example, or producing a first draft of a presentation that can then be tweaked.”4 It may help researchers, students, and educators generate ideas,5 and even write essays of reasonable quality on a particular topic.6 Universities are having to revamp how they teach as a result.7
ChatGPT has many limitations, as recognized by its own creators: “ChatGPT sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers…Ideally, the model would ask clarifying questions when the user provided an ambiguous query. Instead, our current models usually guess what the user intended… While we’ve made efforts to make the model refuse inappropriate requests, it will sometimes respond to harmful instructions or exhibit biased behavior.”8 And, “[u]nlike Google, ChatGPT doesn’t crawl the web for information on current events, and its knowledge is restricted to things it learned before 2021, making some of its answers feel stale.”9 OpenAI is currently working on an improved version that is “better at generating text than previous versions” and several other companies are creating their own “generative AI tools.”7
Chatbots are “trained” using libraries of existing texts. Consequently, in response to specific input from the human operator (a “question” or “seed text”), chatbots respond with an “answer” or other output. Ultimately, this output comprises a selection of the training materials adapted according to the algorithms. Since chatbots are not conscious,10 they can only repeat and rearrange existing material. No new thought goes into their statements: they can only be original by accident. Since chatbots draw on the library of existing texts on which they were trained, there is a risk that they might repeat them verbatim in some circumstances, without revealing their source. According to a recent preprint that used ChatGPT to generate text, “The percentage of correct references in the preliminary text, obtained directly from ChatGPT, was just 6%.”11 Thus, if chatbot output is to be published in an academic journal, to avoid plagiarism, the human author and editor must ensure that the text includes full correct references, to exactly the same degree as is required of human authors.
More alarmingly, ChatGPT may actually be capable of lying intentionally – “the intentionality is important, as the liar knows the statement they are making is false but does it anyway to fulfill some purpose…” as demonstrated by Davis.12 Of course, ChatGPT is not sentient and does not “know” it is lying, but its programming enables it to fabricate “facts.”
Chatbots are not legal entities and do not have a legal personality. One cannot sue, arraign in court, or punish a chatbot in any way. The terms of use and accepted responsibilities for the results of using the software are set out in the license documentation issued by the company making the software available. Such documentation is similar to that produced for other writing tools, such as Word, PowerPoint, etc. Just as Microsoft accepts no responsibility for whatever one writes with Word, ChatGPT’s creator OpenAI accepts no responsibility for any text produced using their product: their terms of use include indemnity, disclaimers, and limitations of liability.13 Only ChatGPT’s users would be potentially liable for any errors it makes. Thus, listing ChatGPT as an author, which is already happening14,15 and even being encouraged,16 may be misdirected and not legally defensible.
While ChatGPT may prove to be a useful tool for researchers, it represents a threat to scholarly journals because ChatGPT-generated articles may introduce false or plagiarized content into the published literature. Peer review may not detect ChatGPT-generated content: researchers can have a difficult time distinguishing ChatGPT-generated abstracts from those written by authors.17 Those most knowledgeable about the tool are wary: a large AI conference banned the use of ChatGPT and other AI language tools for conference papers.17
Looked at in another way, chatbots help produce fraudulent papers; such an act goes against the very philosophy of science. It may be argued that the use of chatbots resembles papermills albeit with a small difference — though the latter clearly has the intention to deceive, this may not always be true for the use of chatbots. However, the mere fact that AI is capable of helping generate erroneous ideas makes it unscientific and unreliable, and hence should have editors worried.
On a related note, the year 2022 also saw the release of DALE-E 2,18 another ML-based system that can create realistic images and art from a description submitted to it as natural language text, by OpenAI, the same company that has made ChatGPT. More recently, Google has also released a similar product named Imagen.19 These tools too have raised concerns somewhat similar to those with ChatGPT. Interestingly, each image generated using DALE-E 2 includes a signature in the lower right corner, to indicate the image’s provenance20; however, it can be easily removed using one of several simple methods that are a web search away.
With the advent of ChatGPT and DALE-E 2, and with more tools on the anvil, editors need to establish journal policies on the use of such technology and require the tools to be able to detect content it generates. Scholarly publishing guidelines for authors should be developed with input from diverse groups including researchers whose first language is not English. This may take some time. In the meantime, we offer the following recommendations for editors and authors.
WAME Recommendations:
- Chatbots cannot be authors. Chatbots cannot meet the requirements for authorship as they cannot understand the role of authors or take responsibility for the paper. Chatbots cannot meet ICMJE authorship criteria, particularly “Final approval of the version to be published” and “Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.”21A chatbot cannot understand a conflict of interest statement or have the legal standing to sign a statement. Chatbots have no affiliation independent of their creators. They cannot hold copyright. Authors submitting a manuscript must ensure that all those named as authors meet the authorship criteria, which clearly means that chatbots should not be included as authors.
- Authors should be transparent when chatbots are used and provide information about how they were used. Since the field is evolving quickly at present, authors using a chatbot to help them write a paper should declare this fact and provide full technical specifications of the chatbot used (name, version, model, source) and method of application in the paper they are submitting (query structure, syntax). This is consistent with the ICMJE recommendation of acknowledging writing assistance.22
- Authors are responsible for the work performed by a chatbot in their paper (including the accuracy of what is presented, and the absence of plagiarism) and for appropriate attribution of all sources (including for material produced by the chatbot). Human authors of articles written with the help of a chatbot are responsible for the contributions made by chatbots, including their accuracy. They must be able to assert that there is no plagiarism in their paper, including in-text produced by the chatbot. Human authors must ensure there is appropriate attribution of all quoted material, including full citations. They should declare the specific query function used with the chatbot. Authors will need to seek and cite the sources that support the chatbot’s statements. Since a chatbot may be designed to omit sources that oppose viewpoints expressed in its output, it is the authors’ duty to find, review and include such counterviews in their articles.
- Editors need appropriate tools to help them detect content generated or altered by AI and these tools must be available regardless of their ability to pay. Many medical journal editors use manuscript evaluation approaches from the 20thcentury but now find themselves face-to-face with AI innovations and industries from the 21stcentury, including manipulated plagiarized text and images and paper mill-generated documents. They have already been at a disadvantage when trying to sort the legitimate from the fabricated, and chatbots such as ChatGPT take this challenge to a new level. Editors need access to tools that will help them evaluate content efficiently and accurately. Publishers working through STM are already developing such tools.23 Such tools should be made available to editors regardless of ability to pay for them, for the good of science and the public. Facilitating their use through incorporation into open-source publishing software such as Public Knowledge Project’s Open Journal Systems,24 and education about the use and interpretation of screening outputs, would make automated screening of manuscript submissions a much-needed reality for many editors.
References
- What is a chatbot? Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.oracle.com/chatbots/what-is-a-chatbot/
- Newman J. ChatGPT? Stable diffusion? Generative AI jargon, explained. Fast Company. December 26, 2022.Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.fastcompany.com/90826308/chatgpt-stable-diffusion-generative-ai-jargon-explained
- Marr B. How Will ChatGPT affect your job if you work in advertising and marketing? Forbes. January 17, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/01/17/how-will-chatgpt-affect-your-job-if-you-work-in-advertising-and-marketing/?sh=241ef86c39a3
- Naughton J. The ChatGPT bot is causing panic now – but it’ll soon be as mundane a tool as Excel. The Guardian. January 7, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/07/chatgpt-bot-excel-ai-chatbot-tech
- Roose K. Don’t Ban ChatGPT in Schools. Teach With It. NYTimes. January 12, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/technology/chatgpt-schools-teachers.html
- Hern A. AI bot ChatGPT stuns academics with essay-writing skills and usability. The Guardian. December 4, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/04/ai-bot-chatgpt-stuns-academics-with-essay-writing-skills-and-usability
- Huang K. Alarmed by A.I. Chatbots, Universities Start Revamping How They Teach. NYTimes. January 16, 2023.Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/16/technology/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-universities.html
- ChatGPT. Open AI. Accessed January 18, 2022.https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/
- Roose K. The Brilliance and Weirdness of ChatGPT. NYTImes. December 5, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html
- Vallance C. Google engineer says Lamda AI system may have its own feelings. BBC News. June 13, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-61784011
- Blanco-Gonzalez A, Cabezon A, Seco-Gonzalez A, et al. The role of AI in drug discovery: challenges, opportunities, and strategies. arXiv 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023.[preprint]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2212.08104. https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08104
- Davis P. Did ChatGPT Just Lie To Me? The Scholarly Kitchen. January 13, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/01/13/did-chatgpt-just-lie-to-me/
- Terms of use. OpenAI. December 13, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://openai.com/terms/
- O’Connor S, ChatGPT. Open artificial intelligence platforms in nursing education: tools for academic progress or abuse? Nurse Educ Pract. 2023;66:103537. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103537
- ChatGPT Generative Pre-trained Transformer; Zhavoronkov A. Rapamycin in the context of Pascal’s Wager: generative pre-trained transformer perspective. Oncoscience. 2022;9:82-84. doi: 10.18632/oncoscience.571
- Call for case reports contest written with the assistance of chatGPT. Cureus. January 17, 2023. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://www.cureus.com/newsroom/news/164
- Else H. Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientists. Nature 613, 423 (2023). Accessed January 18, 2023.https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00056-7
- DALL-E 2. OpenAI. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://openai.com/dall-e-2/
- Imagen. Google. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://imagen.research.google/
- Mishkin P, Ahmad L, Brundage M, Krueger G, Sastry G. DALL·E 2 preview – risks and limitations. Github. 2022. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://github.com/openai/dalle-2-preview/blob/main/system-card.md
- Who is an author? Defining the role of authors and contributors. ICMJE. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html
- Non-author contributors, defining the role of authors and contributors. ICMJE. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html
- STM integrity hub. STM. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.stm-assoc.org/stm-integrity-hub/.
- Open Journal Systems. Public Knowledge Project. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://pkp.sfu.ca/software/ojs/
Source: Zielinski C, Winker M, Aggarwal R, Ferris L, Heinemann M, Lapeña JF, Pai S, Ing E, Citrome L for the WAME Board. Chatbots, ChatGPT, and Scholarly Manuscripts: WAME Recommendations on ChatGPT and Chatbots in Relation to Scholarly Publications. WAME. January 20, 2023. https://wame.org/page3.php?id=106
